The Transfer of Spatial Memory with Collective Practices Among the Generations of Lausanne Exchangees in Bursa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15320/ICONARP.2024.277Keywords:
Collective memory, Identity of exchangees, Population exchange, Public places of collective practices, Spatial memoryAbstract
The aim of this study is to reveal how exchangees construct their public spaces for collective practices in a built environment that is abandoned and analyse these places along with collective practices retrospectively through changing daily life practices. Exchangees migrated from Greece to Turkey because of the population exchange decision which was taken in the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. Due to the fact that the exchangee's identity and culture are visible through collective practices in public spaces, eight collective practices, which are weddings, hıdrellez, religious celebrations, official holiday celebrations, seeing-soldiers-off, seasonal preparations, funeral ceremonies, and public announcements of bad news are selected. These places, where collective practices are performed, are the subject of the research. The first-generation exchanges, for their collective practices, besides building spaces of their own, also settled in places that were left by the Greeks. The study focuses on these public spaces. The sample group of this study is the exchangees in Bursa, Görükle village who migrated from Greece. The methods of the study are analysing archive materials in the form of text, photo and maps and memory interviews conducted with the second and third generation exchangees who still use these public places. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the exchangees restructured the collective practice places in order to establish a sense of belonging and reinterpreting their culture and identity in the new settlement. The study concluded that the places of collective practices, spatial memory, the identity of the exchangee and the public spaces left by the Greeks have been transferred by spatial memory. This study reveals the influence of spatial memory, the relevance of belonging, reinterpreting of exchangees’ culture and identity over the restructuring of the physical environment and the transfer of these between generations.
Metrics
References
Aktar, A. (2005). Türk- Yunan Nüfus Mübadelesinin İlk Yılı: Eylül 1922- Eylül 1923. In M. Pekin (Ed.), Yeniden Kurulan Yaşamlar, 1923 Türk- Yunan Zorunlu Nüfus Mübadelesi (pp. 41–74). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Altinoluk, Ü. (2021). 1924 Mübadelesi Öncesinde ve Sonrasında Erenköy (Çanakkale ) Yerleşiminin Morfolojisi ve Konut Tipolojisi Üzerine Ön Çıkarım Preliminary Results of the Morphology and the Housing Typology of Erenköy (Çanakkale ) Settlement Before and After the 1924 Popu. 4(2), 98–110.
Archive Catalogue of Photographs from Exchange House. (2021).
Arı, K. (2000). Büyük Mübadele Türkiye’ye Zorunlu Göç (1923-1925) (2. Baskı). Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
Assmann, J. (1995). Collective Memory and Cultural Identity. New German Critique, Spring-Sum(65), 125–133.
Başar, M. E., & Acar Ata, İ. (2019). The Evaluation of Architectural Tourism Potentials of Greek Heritage Structures Remained after the Population Exchange in Niğde’s Settlements. Iconarp International J. of Architecture and Planning, 7(1), 251–285. https://doi.org/10.15320/iconarp.2019.75
Bursa, Görükle Yerleşimi. (n.d.). Google Earth Programı
Canter, D. (1977). The Psychology of Place. The Architectural Press.
Case, D. (1996). Contributions on Journeys Away to the Definition of Home: An Empirical Study of a Dialectical Process. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16(1).
Cengizkan, A. (2004). Mübadele ve Konut Yerleşimi (1. Baskı). Arkadaş Yayıncılık.
Cengizkan, A. (2005). Türkiye’de Mübadele Konut ve Yerleşim Politikası. In M. Pekin (Ed.), Yeniden Kurulan Yaşamlar, 1923 Türk- Yunan Zorunlu Nüfus Mübadelesi (1. Baskı, pp. 303–337). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Crane, S. A. (1997). Writing the Individual Back into Collective Memory. The American Historical Review, 102(5), 1372–1385.
Cuc, A., Ozuru, Y., Manier, D., & Hirst, W. (2006). On the formation of collective memories: The role of a dominant narrator. Memory and Cognition, 34(4), 752–762. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193423
Demiray, B. (2018). Otobiyografik Bellek Araştırmalarında Kullanılan Yöntemler ve Metadolojik Gelişimler. In S. Gülgöz, B. Ece, & S. Öner (Eds.), Hayatı Hatırlamak, Otobiyografik Belleğe Bilimsel Yaklaşımlar (1st ed., pp. 27–49). Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Dudai, Y. (2002). Molecular bases of long-term memories: A question of persistence. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 12(2), 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00305-7
File of Vasileios Deligiannis, Archives of Asia Minor Studies, Athens. (n.d.).
Fotoğraf: Muharrem Vurucular tarafından bu çalışma için çekilmiştir. (2022).
Gökaçtı, M. A. (2005). Nüfus Mübadelesi, Kayıp Bir Kuşağın Hikayesi (4. baskı). İletişim Yayınları.
Göregenli, M., & Karakus, P. (2014). Göç Arastirmalarinda Mekan Boyutu: Kültürel ve Mekansal Bütünlesme. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 17(34), 101–115.
Görükle’de hıdırellez kutlaması. (2023). https://www.lifebursa.com/goruklede-hidirellez-kutlamasi
Goularas Bayındır, G. (2012). 1923 Türk-Yunan Nüfus Mübadelesi Ve Günümüzde Mübadil Kimlik Ve Kültürlerinin Yaşatılması. Alternatif Politika, 2(4), 129–146.
Greider, T., & Garkovich, L. (2010). Landscapes: The Social Construction of Nature and the Environment. Rural Sociology, 59(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1994.tb00519.x
Gülgöz, S. (2018). Otobiyografik Bellek: Tanımı ve Temel Kavramlar. In S. Gülgöz, B. Ece, & Ö. Sezin (Eds.), Hayatı Hatırlamak, Otobiyografik Belleğe Bilimsel Yaklaşımlar (1st ed., pp. 13–26). Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Halbwachs, M. (2017). Kolektif Hafıza (1. Baskı). Heretik Yayınları.
Hasluck, R. W. (1910). Cyzicus, Being some accotunt of the history and antiquities of that city, and of the district adjacent to it, with the towns of Apoilonia ad Rhyndacum, Miletupolis, Hadrianutherae, Priapus, Zeleia etc. Cambridge University Press.
Hirchon, R. (2000). Mübadele Çocukları (3. Baskı). Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
Hirchon, R. (2005). Neler Yitirdik, Neler Öğrenebiliriz? Lozan Antlaşmasının Geriye Doğru İncelenmesi. In M. Pekin (Ed.), Yeniden Kurulan Yaşamlar, 1923 Türk- Yunan Zorunlu Nüfus Mübadelesi (1. Baskı, pp. 1–12). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Hirsch, M. (1996). Past Lives: Postmemories in Exile. Poetics Today, 17(4), 659–686. https://doi.org/10.2307/1773218
Hirsch, M. (2008). The generation of postmemory. Poetics Today, 29(1), 103–128. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-2007-019
Hirsch, M. (2014). Postmémoire. Témoigner. Entrehistoire et Mémoire, 118(Septembre 2014), 200–213. https://doi.org/10.4000/temoigner.1274
Hirst, W., & Echterhoff, G. (2008). Creating shared memories in conversation: Toward a psychology of collective memory. Social Research, 75(1), 183–216.
Hirst, W., & Manier, D. (2008). Towards a psychology of collective memory. Memory, 16(3), 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701811912
İnce Güney, Y. (2016). Appropriation and Authenticity: The case of Transforming Churches into Mosques in Ayvalık. Iconarp International J. of Architecture and Planning, 4(2), 35–35. https://doi.org/10.15320/iconarp.2016.8
Irwin-Zarecka, I. (1994). Frames of Remembrance: The Dynamics of Collective Memory (1st Editio). Routledge.
Kılıç, Ş., & Ulutaş, O. (2016). Bir Mübadil Köyü Görükle ve Nilüfer Belediyesi Mübadele Evi (1. Baskı). Nilüfer Belediyesi.
Kolektif. (2015). Hasretin İki Yakasından Mübadele Öyküleri (1. baskı). Lozan Mübadilleri Vakfı.
Mavromatis, Y. (2005). Yunanistan’da Hristiyan Göçmenler ve Müslüman Azınlıklar: Eğitimin Milli Homojenleşmedeki Rolü. In M. Pekin (Ed.), Yeniden Kurulan Yaşamlar, 1923 Türk- Yunan Zorunlu Nüfus Mübadelesi (pp. 357–364). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Mübadele Evi Fotoğraf Arşivi Kataloğu. (2021).
Mutlutürk, A., Boduroğlu, A., & Tekcan, A. İ. (2018). Kişisel ve Toplumsal Bellek. In S. Gülgöz, B. Ece, & S. Öner (Eds.), Hayatı Hatırlamak, Otobiyografik Belleğe Bilimsel Yaklaşımlar (1st ed., p. 243264). Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Nilüfer’de Hıdrellez coşkusu. (2012). https://www.nilufer.bel.tr/haber/nilufer-de-hidrellez-coskusu
Nora, P. (2006). Hafıza Mekanları (1. Baskı). Dost Kitapevi.
Olick, J. K. (2014). Collective Memory: The Two Cultures. Moment Journal, 1(2), 175–211. https://doi.org/10.17572/mj2014.2.175211
Olick, J. K., & Robbins, J. (1998). Social Memory Studies: From “Collective Memory” to the Historical Sociology of Mnemonic Practices. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, 105–140.
Olick, J. K., Sierp, A., & Wüstenberg, J. (2023). Introduction: Taking stock of memory studies. Memory Studies, 16(6), 1399–1406. https://doi.org/10.1177/17506980231207934
Öymen Gür, Ş. (1996). Mekan Örgütlenmesi. Gür Yayıncılık.
Öymen Gür, Ş. (2000). Konut Kültürü. Yem Yayınları.
Özaydın, G., Özkan Özbek, M., Özaydın, L., & Yağcı, E. . . (2018). Traces of Religion-Focused Spatial Development in Ayvalık, a Coastal Town. … Journal of Architecture and …, 2018, 1–18. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/aarch/issue/43750/536975%0Ahttps://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/665660
Özbek Eren, İ., Aksel, B., & Postalcı, E. (2010). Ege Yerleşmelerinde Kültürel Etkileşimin Mimari İzleri. In Sanatta Kimlik ve Etkileşim (p. 119).
Pekin, M. (2005). YENİDEN KURULAN YAŞAMLAR, 1923 TÜRK- YUNAN ZORUNLU NÜFUS MÜBADELESİ (M. Pekin (Ed.); 1. Baskı). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Pekin, M. (2013). Mübadil Kentler: Türkiye (M. Pekin (Ed.); 1. Baskı). Lozan Mübadilleri Vakfı.
Photograpy: Taken by Muharrem Vurucular for this study. (2021).
Rapoport, A. (1969). House Form and Culture, Prentice-Hall. Inc. Englewood Cliffs.
Rapoport, A. (1977). Human Aspects of Urban Form. Pergamon Press.
Rapoport, A. (1980a). Cross-Cultural Aspects of Environmental Design, Human Behavior and Environment: Environment and Culture, Vol. 4. Plenum Press.
Rapoport, A. (1980b). Vernacular Architecture and the Cultural Determinants of Form.
Relph, E. (1976). Place and Placelessness. Pion.
Rennick, K. L. (2003). Process: A Strategy for Developing Community Life and Place Attachment. Virginia Polytechnic Institute.
Said, E. (2020). Kış Ruhu. Metis Yayınları.
Sarlo, B. (2012). Geçmiş Zaman Bellek Kültürü ve Özneye Dönüş Üzerine Bir Tartışma. Metis Yayıncılık.
Sezginalp Özçetin, P., & Rottmann, S. B. (2022). (Lived) Spaces of Belonging, Culture, and Gender: Spatial Practices of Home for Syrian Women in Istanbul. Space and Culture, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/12063312221089213
Stedman, R. C. (2002). Toward a Social Psychology of Place: Predicting Behavior from Place-Based Cognitions, Attitude and Identity. Environment and Behavior, 34, 561–581.
Stokols, D., & Schumaker, S. A. (1981). People in Places: A Transactional View of Settings. In J. Harvey (Ed.), Cognition, Social Behavior and the Environment. Erlbaum.
Stokowski, P. A. (2002). Languages of Place and Discourses of Power: Constructing New Senses of Place. Journal of Leisure Research, 34, 368–382.
Tevfik, İ. (2014). İnsan ve mekân yüzüyle Mübadele: 1923’ten bugüne zorunlu göç (1. Baskı). İnkılap Kitabevi.
Türkoğlu, E., & Akdemİr, İ. O. (2022). Göçlerin Mekânın Dönüşümüne Etkisi : Güney Marmara Bölümü Örneği The Impact of Spatial Transformation : The Case Study of Southern Marmara Region.
Ulutaş, O. (2014). Nilüfer’in Hikayesi, Nilüfer Belediyesi Sözlü Tarih ve Araştırma Projesi (2. Baskı). Nilüfer Belediyesi.
Uzer, T. (2018). Nasıl Hatırlarız, Nasıl Unuturuz: Kuramsal Yaklaşımlar. In S. Gülgöz, B. Ece, & S. Öner (Eds.), Hayatı Hatırlamak, Otobiyografik Belleğe Bilimsel Yaklaşımlar (1st ed., pp. 51–69). Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Werstch, J. V. (2004). Voices of Collective Remembering. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511613715
Werstch, J. V., & Roediger, H. L. (2008). Collective Memory: Conceptual Foundations and Theoretical Approaches. Memory, 16(3), 318–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701801434 To
Weston, S. J., Cox, K. S., Condon, D. M., & Jackson, J. J. (2015). A Comparison of Human Narrative Coding of Redemption and Automated Linguistic Analysis for understanding Life Stories. Journal of Personality, 84(5), 594–606. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12183
Wieland, R. L. (2001). Place attachment and place disruption the perceptions of selected adults and high school students on a rural school district reorganization. Kansas State Universtiy, Manhattan.
Yıldırım, O. (2006). DİPLOMASİ Ve GÖÇ TÜRK-YUNAN MÜBADELESİNİN ÖTEKİ YÜZÜ (1. Baskı). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Yıldız, G., & Şahin Güçhan, N. (2020). Rethinking the Industrial Heritage of Ayvalik through Trajectories on Extracting Olive Oil and Soap Making. Space and Culture. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331220962730
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
COPYRIGHT POLICY
1. The International Journal of Architecture and Planning (ICONARP) open access articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDeriatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). This license lets the author to share (copy and redistribute) his/her article in any medium or format.
2. ICONARP cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Under the following terms:
The author must give appropriate credit, provide a link to ICONARP, and indicate if changes were made on the article. The author may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the ICONARP endorses the author or his/her use.
The author may not use the article for commercial purposes.
If the author remix, transform, or build upon the article, s/he may not distribute the modified material.
The author may share print or electronic copies of the Article with colleagues.
The author may use the Article within his/her employer’s institution or company for educational or research purposes, including use in course packs.
3. The author authorizes the International Journal of Architecture and Planning (ICONARP) to exclusively publish online his/her Article, and to post his/her biography at the end of the article, and to use the articles.
4. The author agrees to the International Journal of Architecture and Planning (ICONARP) using any images from the Article on the cover of the Journal, and in any marketing material.
5. As the author, copyright in the Article remains in his/her name.
6. All papers should be submitted electronically. All submitted manuscripts must be original work that is not under submission at another journal or under consideration for publication in another form, such as a monograph or chapter of a book. Authors of submitted papers are obligated not to submit their paper for publication elsewhere until an editorial decision is rendered on their submission. Further, authors of accepted papers are prohibited from publishing the results in other publications that appear before the paper is published in the Journal.
ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning is an OAJ supported by 