A Simulation-Based Accessibility Modeling Approach to Evaluate Performance of Transportation Networks by using Directness Concept and GIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15320/ICONARP.2019.93Keywords:
GIS, accessibility modeling, simulation, urban planning, transportation network directness, circuity, test of transportation network performance, Euclidian distance, bird flight distance, network distanceAbstract
Ranging from simple to sophisticated, numerous types of accessibility measures are found in the accessibility modeling literature which helps to understand accessibility of people, place and transportation networks. Transportation network directness (reciprocal is “circuity”), which is defined as the ratio of the shortest Euclidean distance over network distance between demand (origin) and destination (supply) points, could be considered as an important type of measure for understanding accessibility for a variety of context.
Although there are several research and literature on transportation network directness and accessibility modeling, the research that integrates transportation network directness concept into accessibility modeling process in such a way to provide understanding of the overall accessibility performance of the transportation networks without losing the local interactions is quite limited.
Based on this idea, the basic aim of this research is to propose a new transportation network directness-based accessibility modeling methodology that could be used to test both the local and the overall accessibility performance of transportation networks in a simple and comparable manner by using GIS. By considering regularly produced virtual origins and destinations on the transportation network in a “simulation” manner, the proposed methodology could produce “travel time/distance” based accessibility measures that could operate without a need for real time supply/demand or origin/destination data.
The advantage of using a virtual regular data set instead of real time data is that; it is more simple, easy to operate and most importantly, more realistic to understand performance of transportation networks as most of the possible origin/destination scenarios could be represented in the proposed model. The outputs of the model could be widely used by the decision-makers who are supposed to deal with accessibility, location/allocation, and service/catchment area related issues by several aims such as; to test the overall/partial performance of the transportation networks, to understand the weakly connected parts of the transportation network and/or to compare the accessibility performance of different networks with each other.
The proposed methodology is applied in 3 cities with different types of transportation network which are Paris, FRANCE (radial network); San Francisco, USA (grid network) and Ankara, TURKEY (mixed network) in order to able to demonstrate the performance and efficiency of the proposed model. The main focus of the case study is not to evaluate specific accessibility conditions or transportation network performance in a detailed manner but to provide a methodological discussion about the proposed directness based accessibility modeling process.
Metrics
References
AultmanHall, L., Roorda, M., & Baetz, B. W. (1997). Using GIS for evaluation of neighborhood pedestrian accessibility. Journal of Urban Planning and Development-Asce, 123(1), 10-17. doi:10.1061/(Asce)0733-9488(1997)123:1(10)
Bagheri, N., Benwell, G. L., & Holt, A. (2006). Primary health care accessibility for rural Otago: a spatial analysis. Health Care and Informatics. Paper presented at the Health Care and Informatics Review Online.
Balijepalli, C., & Oppong, O. (2014). Measuring vulnerability of road network considering the extent of serviceability of critical road links in urban areas. Journal of Transport Geography, 39, 145-155. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.06.025
Ballou, R. H., Rahardja, H., & Sakai, N. (2002). Selected country circuity factors for road travel distance estimation. Transportation Research Part a-Policy and Practice, 36(9), 843-848. doi:Pii S0965-8564(01)00044-1
Barthelemy, M. (2011). Spatial networks. Physics Reports-Review Section of Physics Letters, 499(1-3), 1-101. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2010.11.002
Bejleri, I., Steiner, R. L., Fischman, A., & Schmucker, J. M. (2011). Using GIS to analyze the role of barriers and facilitators to walking in children's travel to school. Urban Design International, 16(1), 51-62. doi:10.1057/udi.2010.18
Bok, J., & Kwon, Y. (2016). Comparable Measures of Accessibility to Public Transport Using the General Transit Feed Specification. Sustainability, 8(3). doi:ARTN 22410.3390/su8030224
Boscoe, F. P., Henry, K. A., & Zdeb, M. S. (2012). A Nationwide Comparison of Driving Distance Versus Straight-Line Distance to Hospitals. Professional Geographer, 64(2), 188-196. doi:10.1080/00330124.2011.583586
Cetin, M. (2015). Using GIS analysis to assess urban green space in terms of accessibility: case study in Kutahya. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 22(5), 420-424. doi:10.1080/13504509.2015.1061066
Chang, H. S., & Liao, C. H. (2011). Exploring an integrated method for measuring the relative spatial equity in public facilities in the context of urban parks. Cities, 28(5), 361-371. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2011.04.002
Cui, J. X., Liu, F., Hu, J., Janssens, D., Wets, G., & Cools, M. (2016). Identifying mismatch between urban travel demand and transport network services using GPS data: A case study in the fast growing Chinese city of Harbin. Neurocomputing, 181, 4-18. doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2015.0 8.100
Curl, A., Nelson, J. D., & Anable, J. (2015). Same question, different answer: A comparison of GIS-based journey time accessibility with self-reported measures from the National Travel Survey in England. Computers Environment and Urban Systems, 49, 86-97. doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2013.10.006
Delso, J., Martin, B., Ortega, E., & Otero, I. (2017). A Model for Assessing Pedestrian Corridors. Application to Vitoria-Gasteiz City (Spain). Sustainability, 9(3). doi:ARTN 43410.3390/su9030434
Dill, J. (2003). Measuring Network Connectivity for Bicycling and Walking. Paper presented at the TRB 2004 Annual Meeting CD-ROM.
Dony, C. C., Delmelle, E. M., & Delmelle, E. C. (2015). Re-conceptualizing accessibility to parks in multi-modal cities: A Variable-width Floating Catchment Area (VFCA) method. Landscape and Urban Planning, 143, 90-99. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.06.011
Ertugay, K., & Duzgun, S. (2011). GIS-based stochastic modeling of physical accessibility using GPS-based floating car data and Monte Carlo simulation. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 25(9), 1491-1506. doi:10.1080/13658816.2010.528419
Ford, A. C., Barr, S. L., Dawson, R. J., & James, P. (2015). Transport Accessibility Analysis Using GIS: Assessing Sustainable Transport in London. Isprs International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(1), 124-149. doi:10.3390/ijgi4010124
Giacomin, D. J., & Levinson, D. M. (2015). Road network circuity in metropolitan areas. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 42(6), 1040-1053. doi:10.1068/b130131p
Gibin, M., Longley, P., & Atkinson, P. (2007). Kernel density estimation and percent volume contours in general practice catchment area analysis in urban areas, In Proceedings of the GIScience research UK conference (GISRUK), Ireland: Maynooth
Guagliardo, M. F. (2004). Spatial accessibility of primary care: concepts, methods and challenges. Int J Health Geogr, 3(1), 3. doi:10.1186/1476-072X-3-3
Gutierrez, J., & Garcia-Palomares, J. C. (2008). Distance-measure impacts on the calculation of transport service areas using GIS. Environment and Planning B-Planning & Design, 35(3), 480-503. doi:10.1068/b33043
Hess, D. B. (2005). Access to employment for adults in poverty in the Buffalo-Niagara region. Urban Studies, 42(7), 1177-1200. doi:10.1080/00420980500121384
Hess, P. M. (1997). Measures of Connectivity [Streets: Old Paradigm, New Investment]. Places, 11(2), 58-65.
Huang, J., & Levinson, D. M. (2015). Circuity in urban transit networks. Journal of Transport Geography, 48, 145-153. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.09.004
Kalantari, Z., Khoshkar, S., Falk, H., Cvetkovic, V., & Mortberg, U. (2017). Accessibility of Water-Related Cultural Ecosystem Services through Public Transport-A Model for Planning Support in the Stockholm Region. Sustainability, 9(3). doi:ARTN 34610.3390/su9030346
Kwan, M. P. (1998). Space-time and integral measures of individual accessibility: a comparative analysis using a point-based framework. Geographical Analysis, 30, p: 191-216
Laatikainen, T., Tenkanen, H., Kytta, M., & Toivonen, T. (2015). Comparing conventional and PPGIS approaches in measuring equality of access to urban aquatic environments. Landscape and Urban Planning, 144, 22-33. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.08.004
Laatikainen, T. E., Piiroinen, R., Lehtinen, E., & Kytta, M. (2017). PPGIS approach for defining multimodal travel thresholds: Accessibility of popular recreation environments by the water. Applied Geography, 79, 93-102. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.12.006
Lee, K., & Ryu, H. Y. (2004). Automatic circuity and accessibility extraction by road graph network and its application with high-resolution satellite imagery. Igarss 2004: Ieee International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings, Vols 1-7, 3144-3146.
Lee, Y., Washington, S., & Frank, L. D. (2009). Examination of relationships between urban form, household activities, and time allocation in the Atlanta Metropolitan Region. Transportation Research Part a-Policy and Practice, 43(4), 360-373. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2008.11.013
Lee, Y. J., Choi, J. Y., Yu, J. W., & Choi, K. (2015). Geographical Applications of Performance Measures for Transit Network Directness. Journal of Public Transportation, 18(2), 89-110.
Levinson, D. (2012). Network Structure and City Size. Plos One, 7(1). doi:ARTN e2972110.1371/journal.pone.0029721
Levinson, D., & El-Geneidy, A. (2009). The minimum circuity frontier and the journey to work. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 39(6), 732-738. doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2009.07.003
Lin, T., Xia, J. H., Robinson, T. P., Goulias, K. G., Church, R. L., Olaru, D., . . . Han, R. L. (2014). Spatial analysis of access to and accessibility surrounding train stations: a case study of accessibility for the elderly in Perth, Western Australia. Journal of Transport Geography, 39, 111-120. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.06.022
Liu, S. X., & Zhu, X. (2004). Accessibility Analyst: an integrated GIS tool for accessibility analysis in urban transportation planning. Environment and Planning B-Planning & Design, 31(1), 105-124. doi:10.1068/b305
Luo, W., (2004). Using a GIS-based floating catchment method to assess areas with shortage of physicians. Health and Place, 10, 1-11
Luo, J. (2014). Integrating the Huff Model and Floating Catchment Area Methods to Analyze Spatial Access to Healthcare Services. Transactions in Gis, 18(3), 436-448. doi:10.1111/tgis.12096
Luo, J., Chen, G. P., Li, C., Xia, B. Y., Sun, X., & Chen, S. Y. (2018). Use of an E2SFCA Method to Measure and Analyse Spatial Accessibility to Medical Services for Elderly People in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7). doi:ARTN 150310.3390/ijerph15071503
Luo, W., & Wang, F. H. (2003). Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment: synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region. Environment and Planning B-Planning & Design, 30(6), 865-884. doi:10.1068/b29120
Macedo, J., & Haddad, M. A. (2016). Equitable distribution of open space: Using spatial analysis to evaluate urban parks in Curitiba, Brazil. Environment and Planning B-Planning & Design, 43(6), 1096-1117. doi:10.1177/0265813515603369
McGrail, M. R., & Humphreys, J. S. (2009). Measuring spatial accessibility to primary care in rural areas: Improving the effectiveness of the two-step floating catchment area method. Applied Geography, 29(4), 533-541. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.12.003
Monzon, A., Ortega, E., & Lopez, E. (2013). Efficiency and spatial equity impacts of high-speed rail extensions in urban areas. Cities, 30, 18-30. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2011.11.002
Moya-Gomez, B., & Garcia-Palomares, J. C. (2015). Working with the daily variation in infrastructure performance on territorial accessibility. The cases of Madrid and Barcelona. European Transport Research Review, 7(2). doi:ARTN 2010.1007/s12544-015-0168-2
Niedzielski, M. A., & Boschmann, E. E. (2014). Travel Time and Distance as Relative Accessibility in the Journey to Work. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 104(6), 1156-1182. doi:10.1080/00045608.2014.958398
Papinski, D., & Scott, D. M. (2011). A GIS-based toolkit for route choice analysis. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(3), 434-442. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.09.009
Randall, T. A., & Baetz, B. W. (2001). Evaluating pedestrian connectivity for suburban sustainability. Journal of Urban Planning and Development-Asce, 127(1), 1-15. doi:Doi 10.1061/(Asce)0733-9488(2001)127:1(1)
Saghapour, T., Moridpour, S., & Thompson, R. G. (2017). Measuring cycling accessibility in metropolitan areas. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 11(5), 381-394. doi:10.1080/15568318.2016.1262927
Salonen, M., & Toivonen, T. (2013). Modelling travel time in urban networks: comparable measures for private car and public transport. Journal of Transport Geography, 31, 143-153. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.06.011
Scott, J., Larson, A., Jefferies, F., & Veenendaal, B. (2006), Small-area estimates of general practice workforce shortage in rural and remote Western Australia. Australian Journal of Rural Health. 14(5), 209-213
Sparks, A. L., Bania, N., & Leete, L. (2011). Comparative Approaches to Measuring Food Access in Urban Areas: The Case of Portland, Oregon. Urban Studies, 48(8), 1715-1737. doi:10.1177/0042098010375994
Teunissen, T., Sarmiento, O., Zuidgeest, M., & Brussel, M. (2015). Mapping Equality in Access: The Case of Bogota's Sustainable Transportation Initiatives. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 9(7), 457-467. doi:10.1080/15568318.2013.808388
Thevenin, T., Mimeur, C., Schwartz, R., & Sapet, L. (2016). Measuring one century of railway accessibility and population change in France. A historical GIS approach. Journal of Transport Geography, 56, 62-76. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016,08.017
Tsou, K. W., Hung, Y. T., & Chang, Y. L. (2005). An accessibility-based integrated measure of relative spatial equity in urban public facilities. Cities, 22(6), 424-435. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2005.07.004
Vadali, S., & Chandra, S. (2014). Buyer-Supplier Transport Access Measures for Industry Clusters. Journal of Applied Research and Technology, 12(5), 839-849.
Vandenbulcke, G., Steenberghen, T., & Thomas, I. (2009). Mapping accessibility in Belgium: a tool for land-use and transport planning? Journal of Transport Geography, 17(1), 39-53. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2008.04.008
Wei, F. (2017). Greener urbanization? Changing accessibility to parks in China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 157, 542-552. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.09.004
Wei Luo, F. W. (2003). Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment: synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 30, 865-884. doi:10.1068/b29120
Xu, W. T., Ding, Y. J., Zhou, J. P., & Li, Y. (2015). Transit accessibility measures incorporating the temporal dimension. Cities, 46, 55-66. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2015.05.002
Yamu, C., & Frankhauser, P. (2015). Spatial accessibility to amenities, natural areas and urban green spaces: using a multiscale, multifractal simulation model for managing urban sprawl. Environment and Planning B-Planning & Design, 42(6), 1054-1078. doi:10.1068/b130171p
Yang, D. H., Robert, G., Ross M. (2006). Comparing GIS-Based Methods of Measuring Spatial Accessibility to Health Services. Journal of Medical Systems, 30(1), 23-32
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
COPYRIGHT POLICY
1. The International Journal of Architecture and Planning (ICONARP) open access articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDeriatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). This license lets the author to share (copy and redistribute) his/her article in any medium or format.
2. ICONARP cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Under the following terms:
The author must give appropriate credit, provide a link to ICONARP, and indicate if changes were made on the article. The author may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the ICONARP endorses the author or his/her use.
The author may not use the article for commercial purposes.
If the author remix, transform, or build upon the article, s/he may not distribute the modified material.
The author may share print or electronic copies of the Article with colleagues.
The author may use the Article within his/her employer’s institution or company for educational or research purposes, including use in course packs.
3. The author authorizes the International Journal of Architecture and Planning (ICONARP) to exclusively publish online his/her Article, and to post his/her biography at the end of the article, and to use the articles.
4. The author agrees to the International Journal of Architecture and Planning (ICONARP) using any images from the Article on the cover of the Journal, and in any marketing material.
5. As the author, copyright in the Article remains in his/her name.
6. All papers should be submitted electronically. All submitted manuscripts must be original work that is not under submission at another journal or under consideration for publication in another form, such as a monograph or chapter of a book. Authors of submitted papers are obligated not to submit their paper for publication elsewhere until an editorial decision is rendered on their submission. Further, authors of accepted papers are prohibited from publishing the results in other publications that appear before the paper is published in the Journal.
ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning is an OAJ supported by 