A Rank-Size Rule Analysis of The City System at The Country and Province Level in Turkey

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15320/ICONARP.2018.39

Keywords:

urbanization, city size distribution, economic development, Zipf’s law

Abstract

The present study investigates the rank-size distribution of cities above 10,000 in Turkey for the years 2000 and 2012, and the results are compared with the findings related to 1945 and 1975.  The results show that despite the political and economic transformations of the last decade, there is a perfect adjustment of the city size distribution to the rank-size rule at the country level due to existence of a well-established urban system. A regression analysis is employed to reveal the relationships between the slopes of city size distribution and the characteristics of provinces.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Seda Kundak, Istanbul Technical University

Seda Kundak (PhD 2006) has been working at Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urban and Regional Planning. She has been working in the field of risk assessment, vulnerability and resilience at urban scale. She participated graduate programs on natural hazards and disaster mitigation at the University of Geneva (2005), ETH Zurich (2006) and Kobe University (2008). She has accomplished her post-doctoral researches at the Politecnico di Milano (2009-2011) in the ENSURE Project (FP7). She has been the member of the Executive Board of Society for Risk Analysis – Europe since 2012. Currently she is the President of Society for Risk Analysis Europe (2017-2019). She is the Sigma Xi Distinguished Lecturer Award Winner for 2018-2019.

Vedia Dökmeci

Prof.Dr. Vedia Dökmeci is a professor emeritus of Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Urban and Regional Planning Department. Dr. Dökmeci has many publications, 7 books and was involved in numerous professional activities, including design competitions, research projects, and fellowships, many of which intersected urban and environmental planning. In 2001 she established Real Estate Development Master Program at Istanbul Technical University.

References

Akgun, A. A., Baycan-Levent, T., & Nijkamp, P. (2010). Business dynamics as the source of counterurbanisation: An empirical analysis of Turkey. International Journal of Sustainable Development, 13(1-2), 200-215.

Akgüngör, S. (2006). Geographic concentrations in Turkey's manufacturing industry: identifying regional highpoint clusters. European Planning Studies, 14(2), 169-197.

Akın, D., & Dökmeci, V. (2014). Cluster analysis of interregional migration in Turkey. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 141(3), 05014016.

Anderson, G., & Ge, Y. (2005). The size distribution of Chinese cities. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 35(6), 756-776.

Audretsch, D. B., Lehmann, E. E., & Warning, S. (2005). University spillovers and new firm location. Research policy, 34(7), 1113-1122.

Bahar, H. I., Laçiner, S., Bal, I., & Özcan, M. (2009). Older migrants to the Mediterranean: the Turkish example. Population, Space and Place, 15(6), 509-522.

Berry, B. J., & Okulicz-Kozaryn, A. (2012). The city size distribution debate: Resolution for US urban regions and megalopolitan areas. Cities, 29, S17-S23.

Black, D., & Henderson, V. (2003). Urban evolution in the USA. Journal of Economic Geography, 3(4), 343-372.

Brakman, S., Garretsen, H., & Van Marrewijk, C. (2001). An introduction to geographical economics: Trade, location and growth: Cambridge university press.

Burnett, V. (2014). Mexican building boom yields ghost towns. International New York Times.

Chen, H., Jia, B., & Lau, S. (2008). Sustainable urban form for Chinese compact cities: Challenges of a rapid urbanized economy. Habitat international, 32(1), 28-40.

Clark, D. (1998). Interdependent urbanization in an urban world: an historical overview. Geographical Journal, 85-95.

Cori, B. (1984). The national settlements system of Italy. In R. S. L.S. Bourne, and K. Dziewonsky (Ed.), Ekistics (pp. 157-177): Oxford University Press.

Coulton, C. J., Chow, J., Wang, E. C., & Su, M. (1996). Geographic concentration of affluence and poverty in 100 metropolitan areas, 1990. Urban Affairs Review, 32(2), 186-216.

Daniels, P. W. (2002). Services and metropolitan development: international perspectives: Routledge.

Deliktas, E., Önder, A. Ö., & Karadag, M. (2013). The size distribution of cities and determinants of city growth in Turkey. European Planning Studies, 21(2), 251-263.

Dobkins, L. H., & Ioannides, Y. M. (2000). Dynamic evolution of the US city size distribution. The economics of cities, 217-260.

Dokmeci, V., Dagoglu, T., & Tanyolac, N. (1994). Istanbul health system for year 2000. Hospital Management International, 98-101.

Dokmeci, V. F. (1986). Turkey: Distribution of cities and change over time. Ekistics, 13-17.

Dökmeci, V. F. (1981). Urbanization pattern in Turkey and its future development: Department of Economics. Free University.

Eaton, J., & Eckstein, Z. (1997). Cities and growth: Theory and evidence from France and Japan: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Eeckhout, J. (2004). Gibrat's law for (all) cities. American Economic Review, 94(5), 1429-1451.

Eraydin, A., & Taşan‐Kok, T. (2014). State response to contemporary urban movements in Turkey: A critical overview of state entrepreneurialism and authoritarian interventions. Antipode, 46(1), 110-129.

Faggian, A., & McCann, P. (2009). Universities, agglomerations and graduate human capital mobility. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 100(2), 210-223.

Falcioğlu, P., & Akgüngör, S. (2008). Regional specialization and industrial concentration patterns in the Turkish manufacturing industry: An assessment for the 1980–2000 period. European Planning Studies, 16(2), 303-323.

Fan, C. C. (1988). The temporal and spatial dynamics of city-size distributions in China. Population Research and Policy Review, 7(2), 123-157.

Gabaix, X. (1999). Zipf's law for cities: an explanation. The Quarterly journal of economics, 114(3), 739-767.

Gan, L., Li, D., & Song, S. (2006). Is the Zipf law spurious in explaining city-size distributions? Economics Letters, 92(2), 256-262.

Gezici, F., & Hewings, G. J. (2004). Regional convergence and the economic performance of peripheral areas in Turkey. Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies, 16(2), 113-132.

Gezici, F., & Hewings, G. J. (2007). Spatial analysis of regional inequalities in Turkey. European Planning Studies, 15(3), 383-403.

Giesen, K., & Südekum, J. (2010). Zipf's law for cities in the regions and the country. Journal of Economic Geography, 11(4), 667-686.

Guérin-Pace, F. (1995). Rank-size distribution and the process of urban growth. Urban studies, 32(3), 551-562.

Henderson, V. (2002). Urbanization in developing countries. The World Bank Research Observer, 17(1), 89-112.

Ioannides, Y. M., & Overman, H. G. (2003). Zipf’s law for cities: an empirical examination. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 33(2), 127-137.

Jiang, B., & Jia, T. (2011). Zipf's law for all the natural cities in the United States: a geospatial perspective. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 25(8), 1269-1281.

Kali, R. (2003). The city as a giant component: a random graph approach to Zipf's law. Applied Economics Letters, 10(11), 717-720.

Kaya, H. S., & Dökmeci, V. (2017). Development of urban hierarchies at the country and regional levels in Turkey. A| Z ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 14(2), 131-149.

Krugman, P. (1991). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of political economy, 99(3), 483-499.

Krugman, P. (1996). Urban concentration: the role of increasing returns and transport costs. International Regional Science Review, 19(1-2), 5-30.

Lai, D.-s., & Zheng, Q.-h. (2005). Urbanization and Education Development in Transitional Stage of China [J]. Journal of Beijing Normal University (Social Science Edition), 5, 004.

Le Gallo, J., & Chasco, C. (2008). Spatial analysis of urban growth in Spain, 1900–2001. Empirical economics, 34(1), 59-80.

McDonald, J. F., & Bowman, H. W. (1976). Some tests of alternative urban population density functions. Journal of Urban Economics, 3(3), 242-252.

Moir, H. (1976). Relationships between urbanization levels and the industrial structure of the labor force. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 25(1), 123-135.

Mu, L., & Wang, X. (2006). Population landscape: a geometric approach to studying spatial patterns of the US urban hierarchy. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 20(6), 649-667.

Parr, J. B. (1985). A note on the size distribution of cities over time. Journal of Urban Economics, 18(2), 199-212.

Poumanyvong, P., & Kaneko, S. (2010). Does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower CO2 emissions? A cross-country analysis. Ecological Economics, 70(2), 434-444.

Reed, W. J. (2002). On the rank‐size distribution for human settlements. Journal of Regional Science, 42(1), 1-17.

Saichev, A., Malevergne, Y., & Sornette, D. (2010). Introduction Theory of Zipf's Law and Beyond (pp. 1-7): Springer.

Sassen, S. (2013). The global city-New York, London, Tokyo, New Jersey. New Jersey: The Princeton University Press.

Schaffar, A., & Dimou, M. (2012). Rank-size city dynamics in China and India, 1981–2004. Regional studies, 46(6), 707-721.

Scott, A., & Storper, M. (2007). Regions, globalization, development. Regional studies, 37(6-7), 579-593.

Shoshany, M., & Goldshleger, N. (2002). Land-use and population density changes in Israel—1950 to 1990: analysis of regional and local trends. Land Use Policy, 19(2), 123-133.

Siegel, J., & Woodyard, M. (1974). Position in the urban hierarchy as a determinant of in-migration. Land Economics, 50(1), 75-82.

Soo, K. T. (2005). Zipf's Law for cities: a cross-country investigation. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 35(3), 239-263.

Statistics, S. I. o. (1945). Statistical Yearbook of Turkey 1945. Retrieved from

Statistics, S. I. o. (1975). Statistical Yearbook of Turkey 1975. Retrieved from

Statistics, S. I. o. (1994). Statistical Yearbook of Turkey 1994 [Press release]

Statistics, S. I. o. (2000). Statistical Yearbook of Turkey 2000. Retrieved from

Statistics, S. I. o. (2002). Statistical Yearbook of Turkey 2002. Retrieved from

Statistics, S. I. o. (2003). Statistical Yearbook of Turkey 2003. Retrieved from

Statistics, S. I. o. (2012). Statistical Yearbook of Turkey 2012. Retrieved from

Tekeli, I. (2008). Türkiye’de Bölgesel Eşitsizlikler ve Bölge Planlama Yazıları: Istanbul, Tarih Vakfı Yayınları.

Turk, S., & Dokmeci, V. (2001). ’The application of expanded rank-size model in Turkish urban settlements. Paper presented at the 41st Congress of the European Regional Science Association, Zagreb, Croatia.

Var, E. B., Yazgı, B., & Dokmeci, V. (2014). Age and cohort analysis of regional migration in Turkey. Regional Science Inquiry, 6(1), 81-94.

Walters, W. H. (2002). Later-life migration in the United States: A review of recent research. Journal of Planning Literature, 17(1), 37-66.

Waugh, D. (2000). Geography: An integrated approach: Nelson Thornes.

Wu, F. (2001). China's recent urban development in the process of land and housing marketisation and economic globalisation. Habitat international, 25(3), 273-289.

Yazgi, B., Dokmeci, V., Koramaz, K., & Kiroglu, G. (2014). Impact of characteristics of origin and destination provinces on migration: 1995–2000. European Planning Studies, 22(6), 1182-1198.

Zeyneloglu, S., Kundak, S., & Dokmeci, V. (2005). Methods and Data consideration related to the rank size distributions of settlements. Acts of the ERSA.

Zeyneloğlu, S. (2008). Türkiye’de Yerleşim Birimlerinin Dağılımı ve Merkezî Yerlerin Nüfuslarındaki Değişim: Dengeli Bir Yerleşim Dağılımı İçin Öneriler. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.

Zipf, G. K. (1949). Human behavior and the principle of least effort: An introduction to human ecology. Cambridge: MA: Addison-Wesley Press.

Downloads

Published

25-06-2018

How to Cite

Kundak, S., & Dökmeci, V. (2018). A Rank-Size Rule Analysis of The City System at The Country and Province Level in Turkey. ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning, 6(1), 77–98. https://doi.org/10.15320/ICONARP.2018.39

Issue

Section

Articles