ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning
type: channel
description: Konya Technical University Faculty of Architecture and Design is the owner and publisher of ICONARP. ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning as a free, open access, academic e-journal considers original research articles and viewpoints in peer-reviewe. Architecture, Planning and Design are strongly affected by other disciplines such as fine arts, philosophy, engineering, geography, economics, politics, sociology, history, psychology, geology, information technology, ecology, law, security and management. However, there are not enough academic journals which specifically focus on the connections of architecture, planning and design with other fields of science. ICONARP aims to fill that gap. Our scope is to provide a suitable space for theoretical, methodological and empirical papers in architectural, urban and real estate studies.
publisher: Konya Technical University Faculty of Architecture and Design
language: en-US
publication name: ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning
issn: 2147-9380
copyright: COPYRIGHT POLICY 1. The International Journal of Architecture and Planning (ICONARP) open access articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDeriatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). This license lets the author to share (copy and redistribute) his/her article in any medium or format. 2. ICONARP cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Under the following terms: The author must give appropriate credit, provide a link to ICONARP, and indicate if changes were made on the article. The author may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the ICONARP endorses the author or his/her use. The author may not use the article for commercial purposes. If the author remix, transform, or build upon the article, s/he may not distribute the modified material. The author may share print or electronic copies of the Article with colleagues. The author may use the Article within his/her employer’s institution or company for educational or research purposes, including use in course packs. 3. The author authorizes the International Journal of Architecture and Planning (ICONARP) to exclusively publish online his/her Article, and to post his/her biography at the end of the article, and to use the articles. 4. The author agrees to the International Journal of Architecture and Planning (ICONARP) using any images from the Article on the cover of the Journal, and in any marketing material. 5. As the author, copyright in the Article remains in his/her name. 6. All papers should be submitted electronically. All submitted manuscripts must be original work that is not under submission at another journal or under consideration for publication in another form, such as a monograph or chapter of a book. Authors of submitted papers are obligated not to submit their paper for publication elsewhere until an editorial decision is rendered on their submission. Further, authors of accepted papers are prohibited from pub…
items: Components of Design Thinking in Spatial Design Education and a Model Proposal
items: A Comparative Assessment Towards the Use of Informal Education Buildings as a Tool in Sustainability Education: A Case Study of Türkiye
items: Development of Energy Consumption Profiles of Common Household Appliances by Analyzing their Energy Consumption
items: Étienne-Louis Boullée and Pierre Chareau: Two Approaches to an Emerging Utopian Idea in Interior Design
items: Semiotic Study of the Relationship between the Screen and Historical Reality: The Bodies Series
items: Morphological Analysis of Tea Factories as Industrial Structures
items: Integration of AI, Spatial Data, and GIS in Planning: Spatial Application Based on Machine Learning and Deep Learning
items: The Impact of UXd in Lean Product Development and Design Processes; The Case of Automotive Industry
items: Evaluating the Impact of Spatial Design on Users in Adaptive Reuse Projects: The Case of the Karapınar Grain Warehouse
items: The Evaluation of the Glocalization Strategy of the Second-Wave Coffee Shops with Respect to the Interior Design
items: User-Centered Design for Coworking Space Interiors
items: Climatic Benefits of Urban Parks: Case Study in a Mediterranean Context
items: Identification of Planning Region with Deductive Approach: The Case of Trabzon-Vakfıkebir
items: Urban Lost Spaces: A Landscape Design Studio Experience at The Scale of a Historical Site
items: Beyond Campus Walls: Studentification in Ankara’s İşçi Blokları Neighborhood – Housing, Affordability, and Community Dynamics
items: Biophilic Design: Its Use in Architectural Structures and Different Areas — A Bibliometric Analysis
items: Creative Design in Action: Exploring Basic Design Principles and Self-Assessment through Workshop Practice
items: Adaptation of Interior Design Course to Distance Education During Covid 19 Pandemic Period
items: A Dramatistic Pentad-Based Conceptual Model Proposal for the Perception of Architectural Space
items: The Effect of Flat-Type and L-Type Checkout Counters on Customer’s Perceptual and Functional Evaluations

Components of Design Thinking in Spatial Design Education and a Model Proposal
type: item
description: Design thinking, defined in its simplest form as a creative problem-solving process, is interpreted in various ways in the literature, with differing models and components. This study, motivated by the need to identify gaps in existing approaches and to clarify the concept of design thinking, aims to define its key components within the context of spatial design education. To achieve this objective, the study employed qualitative research methods. To collect data, the study utilized both a literature review and content analysis techniques. By categorizing the collected data, it was concluded that design thinking consists of three fundamental components: cognitive-rational, emotional-intuitive, and practical. These components were elaborated upon with subcategories based on literature data, and a comprehensive model proposal for use in space design education was developed. The proposal put forward in this study is significant in clarifying the concept of design thinking and its constituent components. On the other hand, the potential of the proposed model to offer guiding alternatives for the problem-solving process in design studios at various levels and to make design thinking more explicit can be attributed to the pedagogical contributions of this study. From a practical perspective, the study is considered to have the potential to directly inform practice by proposing concrete and applicable steps that can be implemented within the design process. For future research based on this study, it is recommended that the potential contributions of the proposed model be explored through its application in actual design processes. Furthermore, expanding the theoretical scope by questioning different approaches to the components of design thinking is also suggested.
creator: İpek Yıldırım Coruk
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 443 – 468
ending page: 443 – 468
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.331

A Comparative Assessment Towards the Use of Informal Education Buildings as a Tool in Sustainability Education: A Case Study of Türkiye
type: item
description: Aim: This study explores how sustainably designed informal education buildings can serve as tools for sustainability education, focusing on both architectural features and their integration into educational practices. It addresses a research gap in Türkiye by examining the hidden educational potential of such buildings through theoretical analysis and comparative evaluation with international best practices. Method: Selected buildings in Türkiye were assessed based on sustainable architectural design principles and their capacity to contribute to public education. These were compared with internationally recognized examples using five core sustainability criteria: site and transportation, water, energy, materials, and indoor environmental quality. Data collection included literature review, field visits, and semi-structured interviews. Findings: Four out of five main sustainability themes—site and transportation, water, energy, and materials—are relatively well integrated into educational uses in international examples. However, indoor environmental quality remains underutilized in both international and national contexts. In Türkiye, educational use is primarily limited to features related to energy and site planning. National examples also fall short in terms of training duration and instructional quality compared to their international counterparts. Conclusion: For informal educational buildings to function effectively as tools for sustainability education in Türkiye, early-stage design processes must intentionally incorporate educational strategies tied to environmental features. Emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration and integrating educational theories into design can significantly enhance the impact and accessibility of sustainability education.
creator: Kutlu Sevinç Kayıhan
creator: İrem Tunçbiz Özgür
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 469 – 493
ending page: 469 – 493
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.332

Development of Energy Consumption Profiles of Common Household Appliances by Analyzing their Energy Consumption
type: item
description: Residential energy consumption constitutes a major share of overall electricity demand, and inefficient use of household appliances, including hidden standby loads, which contributes to higher energy costs, wasted resources, and barriers to sustainable energy management. Addressing this requires accurate insights into how appliances consume energy in real-time, enabling more efficient strategies for household, utilities, and policymakers. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of residential energy consumption by monitoring the real-time energy usage of common household appliances. The primary goal was to develop detailed energy consumption profiles that could benefit both researchers and distribution companies. To achieve this, the energy consumption data of various household appliances were recorded over a period of one month with a high time resolution of one-second intervals, utilizing smart plugs for wireless energy measurement. A significant focus of the study was to understand the impact of standby power consumption on overall energy use and efficiency. By accurately measuring appliance-level energy consumption, the study was able to create detailed profiles, which were then used to predict the energy use for the following month. The predicted total monthly energy consumption was validated against actual energy bills provided by the state electricity board, demonstrating the reliability and accuracy of the predictions. The collected data from this study offers a valuable database for identifying and understanding energy consumption patterns of household appliances, which is essential for residential energy management research. Further, the findings emphasize the significance of real-time monitoring in crafting effective energy management strategies. Such strategies can lead to more sustainable energy use, benefiting both consumers and energy providers. On a broader scale, this method can support economic development by enhancing energy efficiency and r…
creator: Rajat Nainwal
creator: Aniket Sharma
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 494 – 523
ending page: 494 – 523
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.333

Étienne-Louis Boullée and Pierre Chareau: Two Approaches to an Emerging Utopian Idea in Interior Design
type: item
description: The idea and concept of Utopia have been widely discussed in the contemporary world, and there is a wide post-utopic discussion regarding it. Furthermore, throughout history, the idea of utopia and its relation to architecture has also been discussed in many studies and can be observed in many resources. In other words, the idea and concept of Utopia and its relation to architecture and design thus have been widely discussed. A point of view to consider, however, is that there has been little discussion about how Utopia has changed the way of handling the design of interior spaces and perceived the emergence of new ideas about modern interior spaces. This paper aims to observe and gain insight into the idea of Utopia in interior design through the lens of two different designers and see the change of approach to how the Utopian Idea in interior spaces has evolved throughout the centuries. To achieve this, the architect Étienne-Louis Boullée (1728-1799) and the designer Pierre Chareau (1883-1950) have been analysed and their works observed through the lens of searching for an emerging utopian idea in interior architecture/ design. This study thus spanned throughout centuries, focusing especially on the 17th and 19th Centuries to analyse specific works done by the designers mentioned above, either in drawings or finished projects, and focusing especially on their interiors. It has been observed that the idea of Utopia offered a new way of considering spaces from a humanistic perspective, and that it has changed throughout centuries, manifesting possibly new different views of Utopia in interior spaces.
creator: Nevzat Ruhi Eryılmaz
creator: Emre Demirel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 524 – 543
ending page: 524 – 543
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.334

Semiotic Study of the Relationship between the Screen and Historical Reality: The Bodies Series
type: item
description: This study delves into the intricate relationship between cinema and architecture by analyzing how architectural space is transformed into cinematic space, particularly within the framework of historical reality. Both cinema and architecture are mediums through which social and cultural meanings are conveyed. In architecture, spaces are shaped by historical processes and carry layers of social- cultural significance, while in cinema, these spaces are depicted as structures that encapsulate symbolic and cultural signs. Using Roland Barthes' semiotic theory with a focus on the concepts of meaning, connotation and myth, this research focuses on Bodies, an 8-part British miniseries adapted by Paul Tomalin from Si Spencer's graphic novel. The series spans four distinct time periods—1890, 1941, 2023, and 2053—and is examined for its representation of historical reality through the lens of architectural elements, technological advancements, and everyday practices of these eras. The architectural styles explored in this study include Victorian architecture, particularly Gothic revival and Queen Anne styles, as well as modernism, post-modernism, and dystopian futuristic designs that depict the evolution of space over time. This study explores how cinema constructs and reimagines historical reality through architectural representation, emphasizing the polysemic nature of cinematic images and the role of audience interpretation. Drawing on Roland Barthes’ semiotic concepts of denotation, connotation, and myth as articulated in Mythologies, The Death of the Author, and The Pleasure of the Text, the research examines how filmic representations of space render historically constructed meanings as natural and inevitable. In this context, the research presents a semiotic framework for understanding the relationship between cinema and space in social, temporal and cultural contexts and the relationship between cinematic space and historical periods. The study draws attention to the …
creator: Dilek Aybek Özdemir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 544 – 569
ending page: 544 – 569
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.335

Morphological Analysis of Tea Factories as Industrial Structures
type: item
description: With the establishment of the Republic and the momentum generated by the Industrial Revolution —the most significant cultural, economic, social, and physical transformation of the era—industrialization activities in Anatolia accelerated rapidly and played a decisive role in shaping cities and societies. As major industrial enterprises in the Eastern Black Sea Region, tea factories have persisted not only as products of industrialization but also as core components of the modernization program. Although initially located outside the urban core, these large, multifunctional buildings gradually became focal points of settlements and significantly influenced urban growth and development decisions. In addition to shaping urban morphology and skyline, tea factories contribute perceptually and semantically to collective memory by reflecting the history of the built environment, as well as economic, technological, and industrial development processes. The literature review indicates that, despite their economic and ideological significance during the Republican period, tea factories remain insufficiently represented in academic studies. In response to this gap, the study aims to systematically analyze the multidimensional morphological impacts of tea factories on the formation and transformation of settlement patterns in the Eastern Black Sea Region. The study area consists of nine factory settlements with reliable data, located along the coastal belt of Trabzon, Rize, and Artvin, where tea cultivation is most intensive. Within this framework, morphological analyses supported by conceptual maps and tables were conducted to examine figure–ground ratios, spatial boundaries, relational patterns, and the effects of factories on the urban silhouette. The findings demonstrate that tea factories, embedded in collective memory, function as tangible expressions of Republican ideology and play a significant role in shaping urban morphology, skyline, and the social, cultural, and econ…
creator: Ceyda Yurttaş Şahin
creator: Zehra Eminağaoğlu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 570 – 591
ending page: 570 – 591
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.336

Integration of AI, Spatial Data, and GIS in Planning: Spatial Application Based on Machine Learning and Deep Learning
type: item
description: The study focuses on the integration of data, deep learning (DL) models, and machine learning (ML) algorithms with geographical information systems (GIS) within the field of spatial planning. An original contribution is provided by addressing the integration of DL and ML into GIS in terms of their advantages, limitations, encountered challenges, and potential directions for development within the context of spatial data and model validation processes. In this context, the objective is to identify the developmental trajectory, challenges, and potentials of spatial studies based on the integration of DL, ML, and GIS. To achieve this aim, 91 research articles published in high-impact journals indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) database were analyzed. The selected studies were evaluated under five main categories: spatial and temporal distribution, applications of DL and ML methods, thematic approaches, employed GIS tools, and data-model validation processes. The findings suggest that artificial intelligence technologies have the potential to serve as significant tools in spatial planning, although the current developmental stage remains in its early phases. While ML algorithms are widely applied across the reviewed studies, the application scope of DL models has expanded in recent years due to the increasing availability of large datasets. Spatial applications predominantly concentrate on land use, natural hazard assessments, environmental issues, and climate-related themes, particularly supported by the extensive use of remote sensing techniques. However, due to the limited accessibility of spatial data in rural areas, the majority of applied studies have been oriented toward urban centers, revealing a noticeable gap in research focusing on rural contexts. Furthermore, studies that implement AI and planning integration in practice demonstrate that the use of spatial data and the necessity of model validation constitute critical requirements. This study may offer guid…
creator: Ahmet Sekeroglu
creator: Kadir Tolga Celik
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 592 – 624
ending page: 592 – 624
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.337

The Impact of UXd in Lean Product Development and Design Processes; The Case of Automotive Industry
type: item
description: In the last two decades, lean product development and design processes, which have rapidly penetrated the automotive industry companies with all their functions and spread globally, have come to life with measurements, benchmarks and flow maps on value creation or value addition in new product project stages. In the literature review, two customer-oriented approaches, namely lean product development and user experience design, have been widely adopted within the discipline of new product design. However, the lack of comparative efficiency measurements or studies addressing their integration in scientific publications constitutes the primary motivation of this research. Furthermore, the selection of the research scope and boundaries is based on convenience sampling, enabled by direct qualitative research with companies managerial or design positions in the Turkish automotive supplier industry. The main objective of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis aimed at integrating user experience activities with lean product development process flows, and to reveal metric values that enhance efficiency through overall system optimization. On the other hand, the most important recommendation of the study is that the basic process will benefit positively by including user experience activities, which are the most important application of customer-oriented design approaches, into the highly efficient lean product development flow. Therefore, the study conducted with the mixed research method was completed under the preference of quantitative face-to-face interview method in the in-depth questioning of the qualitative numerical data obtained by the questionnaire method. User experience activities, which are newer and less widespread than lean product development processes, have also revealed the frequency of project-based, customer-oriented design activities, along with the demographic organizational structure of the participating companies in the automotive industry, …
creator: Fuat Ali Paker
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 625
ending page: 644
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.338

Evaluating the Impact of Spatial Design on Users in Adaptive Reuse Projects: The Case of the Karapınar Grain Warehouse
type: item
description: The preservation and use of historic buildings as immovable cultural heritage are important for the continuity of a building’s life. When assigning a new function to buildings beyond their original use, meeting the needs of the city and the public, as well as ensuring socio-cultural and economic sustainability, are important considerations for selecting an appropriate function. When the integration of the new function with the existing building is successful, user satisfaction and the sustainability of the function yield positive outcomes. Based on this, in this study, which investigates the impact of spatial design on users through the adaptive reuse of an immovable cultural asset, the historic grain warehouse located in the center of Konya, Karapınar District, currently serving with a ‘book-café’ function, was selected as the field study. The aim of the study is to analyze the new function of the warehouse building functionally and physically through spatial analysis criteria and user opinions. In this context, users’ experiences were evaluated holistically within the framework of spatial analysis criteria using semi-structured interviews, one of the qualitative research methods. The findings of the study reveal that the adaptively reused building largely meets user expectations in architectural, technical, and environmental terms. It was determined that the building increases its symbolic value in the region, compensates for the lack of social spaces, that interior identity and the feeling the space leaves on individuals are important for users, and that thermal comfort has a direct effect on the duration of users’ stay in the space. However, the insufficient perception of the historical identity in the user experience indicates that the historical context should be more effectively integrated into the design in such adaptive reuse projects.
creator: Hatice Çınar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 645
ending page: 664
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.339

The Evaluation of the Glocalization Strategy of the Second-Wave Coffee Shops with Respect to the Interior Design
type: item
description: This study examines how Starbucks, as a global brand, employs glocalization strategies in its interior design by incorporating local architectural elements into standardized global formats. The primary objective is to analyze how local and global elements are integrated into the design of the second-wave coffee shops, a globally recognized brand, and to evaluate the balance between these elements from a design perspective. To achieve this, six Starbucks stores, selected as the sample for the current study, located in the EMEA (Europe, Middle East, and Africa), Asia-Pacific, and Japan regions were examined. The research focused on key interior design components, including vertical structural elements, flooring, ceiling features, openings, furniture, and decorative details, assessing them within the framework of local and global characteristics. A qualitative research approach was adopted, employing content analysis to systematically evaluate the selected stores. The originality of this study lies in its structured examination of how glocalization strategies manifest in interior spaces through regional variations. The findings reveal that local elements such as ceiling types, materials, and seating styles were consistently integrated to reflect regional identities, while standardized lighting and furniture layouts preserved the brand's global coherence. Thus, the findings show that integrating local motifs into spatial design enables global brands to establish a meaningful connection with the local cultural context while maintaining their global identity. This balance not only enhances user experience but also reinforces brand identity through culturally resonant spaces. Overall, the research underscores the significance of preserving cultural codes in interior design as a means of fostering commercial success for global brands. By offering a framework for incorporating glocalization strategies in spatial design, this study provides valuable insights for designers and…
creator: Turgut Kalay
creator: Ayşenur Kandemir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 665
ending page: 687
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.340

User-Centered Design for Coworking Space Interiors
type: item
description: Coworking spaces, beyond being a physical space, represent a new organizational form and a new living style. Although coworking spaces have been widely studied by human sciences and managerial disciplines, academic studies on their spatial characteristics are limited and they are focused on some specific areas. This paper draws a multi-dimensional framework for spatial characteristics that play an important role in users' satisfaction and preference for a coworking space. In this context the paper aims to determine the user-centered spatial characteristics constituting a guide for interior design of coworking spaces and to introduce design considerations based on the research findings. The spatial characteristics are reclassified under technical, functional and behavioural characteristics (Post-Occupancy Evaluation method); an "user-centered design research for coworking spaces" structured with these characteristics is conducted, and design considerations based on research findings are introduced. The research reveals satisfaction and importance levels of spatial characteristics in coworking spaces; identifies the spatial characteristics with low performance that need to be improved; confirms the importance of spatial characteristics in users' preference for a coworking space and reveals that spatial characteristic preferences differ for users with different characteristics. The key findings regarding the user-centered spatial characteristics are “to consider the spatial configuration of noisy and quiet spaces according to the levels of interaction and privacy for users having different work motivations”, “to provide the arrangement of activity spaces, gathering spaces and workspaces (collaboration spaces and private spaces) allowing flexibility and individual control possibility” and “to create a cozy interior atmosphere with a strong IT infrastructure”. As a practical contribution, this paper provides useful information for owners, managers and designers of cowork…
creator: Umut Tuğlu Karslı
creator: Saadet Aytıs
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 688
ending page: 708
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.341

Climatic Benefits of Urban Parks: Case Study in a Mediterranean Context
type: item
description: Green spaces make a significant contribution to the climatic comfort of urban dwellers. These contributions can be in the form of cooling in hot summers and heating in cold winters compared to the surrounding built-up areas. These contributions are related to the landscape design of parks to a certain extent. The presence and extension of hard grounds and waters in parks as well as the type, texture and density of plants used determine the level of climatic comfort provided. The present research was conducted in Aydın Kanza Park in the Mediterranean City of Antalya, Türkiye, to determine the cooling and heating benefits of the park, located in a warm climate area. Temperature, humidity, and wind speed were measured once a week all year round at four different locations inside the park (tree-covered, lawn-covered, hard ground, pond-side) as well as at three locations at a distance of 50, 100 and 300 meters away from the park. The findings indicate that Aydın Kanza Park provides 2.4 o C warmer environment in the first four months of the year and 2 o C cooler environment in the following seven months in terms of mean values at midday compared to the built-up area surrounding the park. The findings also indicate that the heating and cooling effect provided by the park continues at a certain distance from the park. However, there is no significant difference between the temperature, humidity, and wind speed values of various locations with different land cover inside the park, which is most probably related to the size of the park.
creator: Sümeyra Elma
creator: Veli Ortaçeşme
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 709
ending page: 730
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.342

Identification of Planning Region with Deductive Approach: The Case of Trabzon-Vakfıkebir
type: item
description: All definitions of the region to date have lost their meaning with the 21st century understanding of the region and even the concept of region alone has become insufficient to define an area. This change has led to the development of new perspectives on the region in theoretical and practical regional science. Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to determine the plan region boundaries in the territorial context of Vakfıkebir district, one of the border settlements of Trabzon in Turkey, which was determined as a sample area. Boundary determination was made by prioritizing spatial proximity/juxtaposition and porosity principles in the region, which is considered as a territorial entity with the spatial integrity of local units juxtaposed with a deductive approach. Similarity discussions/studies were carried out in the context of all districts of Trabzon and Giresun provinces, ignoring the provincial administrative border between Trabzon and Giresun province, which is the border settlement with the closest districts to Vakfıkebir district. Within the scope of the data set compiled from relevant institutions/organizations in social, economic, political and spatial dimensions, the territorial/scale similar settlement classes of Vakfıkebir were determined through cluster analysis method. The results obtained were interpreted and Vakfıkebir's primary and secondary "Broad Interactive Region" was defined. In this context, in order to contribute to the production of realistic and feasible regional development and development policies in regional planning practice, a context-oriented approach was envisaged in which the hierarchical, fixed structure of the region and the existence of vertical relations were revealed.
creator: Sinem Dedeoğlu Özkan
creator: Dilek Beyazlı
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 731
ending page: 752
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.343

Urban Lost Spaces: A Landscape Design Studio Experience at The Scale of a Historical Site
type: item
description: After the Industrial Revolution, the development of technology and rural-urban migration accelerated urbanization; this process led to the shaping of urban spaces based on the balance of occupancy and emptiness through planning and design. Urban spaces change over time according to the social, economic, technological, and other needs of city dwellers, and spaces that cannot adapt to this change lose their functions. These spaces, which are disconnected from the living texture of the city, lose their qualities by disrupting their communication with the city residents. Areas that do not fit the definition of space, do not contribute positively to the city and its inhabitants, and are open to redesign are considered lost spaces. In this context, Çanakkale city center is examined in terms of occupancy/vacancy and land use; the reasons why an urban space is lost are analyzed and design proposals are developed to reverse this loss. Çanakkale Old Central Hospital was chosen as a lot site due to negative impacts such as war, natural disasters, fire, disinvestment and lack of interest; its historical character, the surrounding military areas and its socio-demographic status were also influential in this choice. Landscape design projects were developed by 3rd year Landscape Architecture Department students in order to re-incorporate the area into the urban memory and urban agenda. The historic site has been handled by considering ecological, economic and social dimensions; plant species and structural materials suitable for the historical texture have been selected, different spatial arrangements have been designed and design proposals supported by sustainable design approaches have been presented. Thus, it is thought that the study plays a pioneering role in the evaluation of lost historical places in cities and supporting them with sustainable landscape design studies; from this perspective, it is thought to contribute in terms of academic and practical benefits.
creator: Elif Sağlık
creator: Mahmut Can Ast
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 753
ending page: 777
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.344

Beyond Campus Walls: Studentification in Ankara’s İşçi Blokları Neighborhood – Housing, Affordability, and Community Dynamics
type: item
description: This article examines the dynamics of studentification in İşçi Blokları, Ankara—a 1970s cooperative-housing district adjacent to Middle East Technical University (METU). Originally constructed in 1973 as a workers’ cooperative housing estate, İşçi Blokları today functions as a major student-housing cluster, with many dwellings rented to students. Using a mixed-methods design (survey and in-depth interviews, 2022–2023), the study analyses how student demand reshapes housing affordability, dwelling quality, and neighborhood cohesion. Studentification emerges as a multifaceted urban issue. Residents depict students as a “guaranteed market,” linking their presence to higher property values but also to reduced maintenance and social frictions; yet many support a more balanced citywide distribution and acknowledge students’ economic and cultural contributions. Empirically, we find rent inflation and physical decline in older cooperative stock alongside growth in cafés, study-friendly venues, and youth-oriented services that enhance cultural vibrancy. In response, the paper proposes a new housing model that brings together the municipality, housing cooperatives, and universities. The model sets affordable rent limits (30–35% of household income), creates a revolving renovation fund to repair old buildings, and includes university agreements to guarantee stable student occupancy. Together, these measures aim to keep rents stable, improve living standards, and prevent resident displacement. Overall, studentification in İşçi Blokları is a transformative socio-spatial process requiring inclusive housing policy, multi-scalar governance, and the revitalization of cooperative institutions to balance affordability, diversity, and urban sustainability.
creator: Samaneh Sohrabi Akkoç
creator: Funda Yirmibeşoğlu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 778
ending page: 804
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.345

Biophilic Design: Its Use in Architectural Structures and Different Areas — A Bibliometric Analysis
type: item
description: Biophilic design aims to enhance the connection between individuals and the natural environment by emphasizing natural elements in their living and working spaces. The fundamental principles of biophilic design include the integration of natural light and views, the use of plants and green spaces and a preference for organic forms and natural materials. The application of biophilic design in various domains promotes a balanced and harmonious lifestyle in line with the natural world, offering a range of benefits to both the environment and society. The aim of the study is to reveal the importance of using biophilic features in architectural designs using bibliometric analysis and to draw researchers' attention to biophilic design. In this study, bibliometric analysis was employed to measure and analyze the distribution and interaction of academic research related to biophilic design. The widely used Web of Science database was utilized for bibliometric analysis of scientific studies. Specifically, the bibliometric analysis focused on the most frequently used keywords in the titles of published articles on biophilic design. A total of 346 articles published in 184 journals between 2006 and 2023 were scanned for the subject of biophilic design. The most common keywords in the titles of scientific articles, following the term biophilic, include design, urban, workspace, green, natural, biophilia, architecture, health, environment, and other terms. Bibliometric analysis encompassed the examination of the most frequently used keywords, word cloud, trend keywords across years, keyword networks, and thematic evolution analysis. The analysis revealed that a diverse range of keywords (1165) were employed in the titles, and the frequency of keyword usage increased over time. Additionally, the usage of keywords evolved and changed over the years. These findings demonstrate that biophilic design is a popular and captivating topic that has garnered significant attention from rese…
creator: Ali Osman Özğan
creator: İclal Aluçlu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 805
ending page: 826
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.346

Creative Design in Action: Exploring Basic Design Principles and Self-Assessment through Workshop Practice
type: item
description: The Basic Design course is a fundamental foundation in design education that introduces students to basic visual principles and creative problem-solving approaches. However, it creates challenges for students transitioning from traditional, rote-based learning environments to more abstract and conceptual thinking. The current study investigated how students comprehend and apply basic design principles through a workshop in the Basic Design I course at the European University of Lefke. The workshop, involving 81 first-year students from four design departments (Architecture, Interior Architecture and Environmental Design – Landscape Architecture – Visual Communication Design) and employed wire art as an applied vehicle for visualising and comprehending theoretical knowledge. The students underwent practical and reflective segments, allowing them to attain in-depth knowledge of design principles like balance, contrast, rhythm, symmetry, proximity, and unity. A guided survey was conducted after the workshop to identify student perceptions of these principles based on demographic factors like age, gender, and academic department. The results showed statistically significant perceptual differences depending on department, with the Visual Communication students especially having a more nuanced consciousness of visual principles. Age also showed significance, especially for the principle of proximity, as a sign of developmental or experiential processes in perception. Moreover, gender differences were found, and male and female students varied in sensitivity to the principles of contrast and symmetry. These findings support the need for integrating physical, three-dimensional workshops within foundation design education. They also highlight the diverse ways students of different backgrounds and disciplines learn about design. Future research must more comprehensively explore how spatial and material experience influences cognitive and creative growth within design learning…
creator: M. Selen Abbasoğlu
creator: Feriha Urfalı Doğu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 827
ending page: 849
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.347

Adaptation of Interior Design Course to Distance Education During Covid 19 Pandemic Period
type: item
description: In a period when the changing living conditions with the Covid-19 pandemic are effective in all areas of life, this research is an example that investigates how the second-year undergraduate Interior Design I applied course, which is carried out in Hacettepe University (HU), Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design in formal education, can be efficiently adapted to distance education and develops methods on this subject. A mixed research method combining qualitative and quantitative approaches was used to analyse students’ adaptation, motivation and project outcomes. In the research, it is aimed that the Interior Design I course, which was conducted online in the early period of the pandemic, will contribute to the related courses in case of a transition to distance education system due to different reasons. The course was divided into five different sections. Each section was taught by a different lecturer and a teaching assistant. In addition to the fact that the topics of all sections were the same, the requirements, evaluation criteria and exam dates were designed simultaneously. The research was conducted through the students (16) who chose this course in Branch II and their project studies. Various methods were developed to ensure the efficiency achieved in formal education. In line with the opinions, feedbacks and project outputs of the students who are the subjects of this process, suggestions for the adaptation of distance education to interior design courses have been developed. The findings revealed that students successfully adapted to online design education and achieved creative results comparable to face-to-face learning. The study focused on the adaptation process of traditional hand drawing to the digital environment applied in the distance education period. This study provides insights that can guide the development of flexible and sustainable design education models for future crisis conditions.
creator: Esra Orhan Yılmaz
creator: Emine Esen Gençaydın
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 850
ending page: 872
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.348

A Dramatistic Pentad-Based Conceptual Model Proposal for the Perception of Architectural Space
type: item
description: The architectural object is a rhetorical experience producer that communicates with its user as a meaningful and multifaceted social construct. In this context, architecture should fundamentally be regarded as a matter of communication and discourse. In order to seek and ensure communication in architecture, it is essential to focus on language, and in order to talk about the existence of language, it is essential to focus on symbols, signs and indicators. Therefore, this study examines the perception of the architectural object at the intersection of rhetoric and architecture by associating Kenneth Burke's discussions on symbols with the symbolic aspect of all buildings environments. The originality of the study lies in its interdisciplinary approach to Burke’s method of analysis, providing a systematic reading practice for architectural objects. The absence of any other research in the literature that adapts Burke’s pentads to different inputs of the architectural object highlights the novelty of the proposed conceptual model. The pentadic-based conceptual model developed within the study, along with its application to the Kolumba Museum, specifically interprets the architectural object through Burke’s dramatistic pentad -act, agent, scene, agency, and purpose- to facilitate the interpretation of the symbolic meanings embedded in the architectural object and to contribute to the formation of individual judgments. Thus, a neo-critical understanding that considers the entire network of relationships constituting the architectural object can be made possible. Furthermore, the study highlights the adaptability of Kenneth Burke’s dramatistic pentads for analyzing the multifaceted nature of architectural objects. By allowing flexible interpretations through different pentadic ratios, the proposed model provides a systematic framework that accommodates diverse perspectives. This approach enables researchers to explore the relationship between architecture and its symboli…
creator: Merve Karaoğlu Can
creator: Zeynep Fatma Niğdeli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 873
ending page: 897
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.349

The Effect of Flat-Type and L-Type Checkout Counters on Customer’s Perceptual and Functional Evaluations
type: item
description: This study aims to determine the effects of physical environmental factors in markets, which are an integral part of daily life, on perceptual and functional evaluations of participants. In this study, it is thought that physical environmental factors in supermarkets where flat-type and L-type checkout counters are used may positively or negatively affect customers' perceptual and functional evaluations. The research hypotheses focus on the correlations with the independent variables of checkout counter type, gender, and age. The Çağdaş Grocery Stores were selected as the research environment and an evaluation questionnaire on the environmental factors of the stores was applied to 200 customers who shopped at these stores. The questionnaire results show that the L-type checkout counter is found to be more aesthetic, inviting, organized, functional, and useful by customers compared to the flat-type counter. These results show that the design of the checkout counter plays a critical role in customer satisfaction and user experience. Therefore, it was concluded that the checkout counter type can be an important design criterion for improving the shopping experience in markets. This study undertaken emphasizes the critical role played for customer satisfaction and service quality in the retail sector area of operations and checkout counters and stresses the importance of design characteristics in this field. Enterprises can take steps to improve the shopping experience by revising their checkout counter preferences in accordance with the expectations and needs of customers.
creator: Menşure Kübra Müezzinoğlu
creator: Tolga Subaşi
creator: Kemal Yıldırım
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
volume: 13
number: 2
starting page: 898
ending page: 916
doi: 10.15320/ICONARP.2025.350